Principles of Electric Motors and Classification of Piezoelectric Motors
Release Date:2025-05-14 Source: View count440
Piezoelectric motor is a new type of driver that is different from traditional drivers driven by electromagnetic principles. It utilizes the inverse piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric materials to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, and achieves continuous linear or rotational motion of the moving element through frictional coupling between the stationary and moving elements. Compared with traditional electromagnetic motors, piezoelectric motors have advantages such as high resolution, fast response speed, and no electromagnetic interference. Piezoelectric motors can be divided into two types: quasi-static and resonant piezoelectric motors, as shown in Figure 1. Resonant piezoelectric motor mainly refers to ultrasonic motor, which uses high-frequency sine voltage signal to excite the stator to work at the resonant frequency, and achieves continuous motion output of the rotor through high-frequency elliptical vibration and friction coupling of the stator. Quasi static piezoelectric motors operate in a non resonant state and can be divided into impulse piezoelectric motors and inchworm piezoelectric motors based on their working principles.
Figure 1- Classification of piezoelectric motors
1. Inertial impact piezoelectric motor
Figure 2- Motion principle of inertial impact piezoelectric motor: (a) Step diagram (b) Excitation voltage
At the slow rising edge of the voltage, the piezoelectric material gradually elongates and the counterweight slowly moves forward; When the voltage rapidly decreases, the substrate moves forward by one step under the contraction force of the piezoelectric material. This cycle can achieve macroscopic motion of the impact motor. This type of motor has the advantages of nanometer positioning capability, fast response, and compact structure, and is suitable for applications that require high precision, fast response, and miniaturization. They are widely used in automation equipment, precision positioning systems, macroscopic motion (linear or rotational), optical equipment, and other fields.
2. Inchworm type piezoelectric motor
The inchworm piezoelectric motor is a biomimetic piezoelectric motor, and its motion mechanism is derived from an insect called "inchworm". Its motion process is shown in Figure 3. The inchworm type piezoelectric motor usually consists of two clamping units and one piezoelectric unit for driving, achieving high displacement resolution output through the alternating cooperation of clamping units and piezoelectric units. This type of motor has the characteristics of large output force and actuation stroke, high resolution, and high controllable accuracy; In the open-loop state, it still has nanoscale positioning capability and can be applied in precision machining and high-precision positioning fields.
Figure 3- Motion process diagram of "inchworm"
Figure 4- Motion principle of inchworm piezoelectric motor: (a) walking type (b) pushing type
3. Ultrasonic motor
Ultrasonic motors use high-frequency electrical signals to excite specific vibration modes of the stator, forming periodic oblique or elliptical motions on the surface of the stator, and using this as a driving source to convert the elliptical vibration of the stator into continuous linear or rotational motion of the rotor through frictional coupling between the stator and rotor. Ultrasonic motors can be divided into two types: traveling wave type and standing wave type. As shown in Figure 5. Ultrasonic motors have the advantages of fast response, high efficiency, compact and lightweight, reliable and stable, and flexible control, making them suitable for various application fields that require high performance and precise motion. Figure 5- Working principle of ultrasonic actuator. (a) Standing wave type; (b) Traveling wave type
Figure 6- Rotating "traveling wave" ultrasonic motor
Figure 7- Application of Ultrasonic Motors in the Aerospace Field (a) Ultrasonic Motors in the Robot Arm of the Mars Orbiter in the United States (b) Ultrasonic Motors Applied to the Helos Satellite Telescope in France
Piezoelectric motor is a new type of driver that is different from traditional drivers driven by electromagnetic principles. It utilizes the inverse piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric materials to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, and achieves continuous linear or rotational motion of the moving element through frictional coupling between the stationary and moving elements. Compared with traditional electromagnetic motors, piezoelectric motors have advantages such as high resolution, fast response speed, and no electromagnetic interference. Piezoelectric motors can be divided into two types: quasi-static and resonant piezoelectric motors, as shown in Figure 1. Resonant piezoelectric motor mainly refers to ultrasonic motor, which uses high-frequency sine voltage signal to excite the stator to work at the resonant frequency, and achieves continuous motion output of the rotor through high-frequency elliptical vibration and friction coupling of the stator. Quasi static piezoelectric motors operate in a non resonant state and can be divided into impulse piezoelectric motors and inchworm piezoelectric motors based on their working principles.
Figure 1- Classification of piezoelectric motors
1. Inertial impact piezoelectric motor
Figure 2- Motion principle of inertial impact piezoelectric motor: (a) Step diagram (b) Excitation voltage
At the slow rising edge of the voltage, the piezoelectric material gradually elongates and the counterweight slowly moves forward; When the voltage rapidly decreases, the substrate moves forward by one step under the contraction force of the piezoelectric material. This cycle can achieve macroscopic motion of the impact motor. This type of motor has the advantages of nanometer positioning capability, fast response, and compact structure, and is suitable for applications that require high precision, fast response, and miniaturization. They are widely used in automation equipment, precision positioning systems, macroscopic motion (linear or rotational), optical equipment, and other fields.
2. Inchworm type piezoelectric motor
The inchworm piezoelectric motor is a biomimetic piezoelectric motor, and its motion mechanism is derived from an insect called "inchworm". Its motion process is shown in Figure 3. The inchworm type piezoelectric motor usually consists of two clamping units and one piezoelectric unit for driving, achieving high displacement resolution output through the alternating cooperation of clamping units and piezoelectric units. This type of motor has the characteristics of large output force and actuation stroke, high resolution, and high controllable accuracy; In the open-loop state, it still has nanoscale positioning capability and can be applied in precision machining and high-precision positioning fields.
Figure 3- Motion process diagram of "inchworm"
Figure 4- Motion principle of inchworm piezoelectric motor: (a) walking type (b) pushing type
3. Ultrasonic motor
Ultrasonic motors use high-frequency electrical signals to excite specific vibration modes of the stator, forming periodic oblique or elliptical motions on the surface of the stator, and using this as a driving source to convert the elliptical vibration of the stator into continuous linear or rotational motion of the rotor through frictional coupling between the stator and rotor. Ultrasonic motors can be divided into two types: traveling wave type and standing wave type. As shown in Figure 5. Ultrasonic motors have the advantages of fast response, high efficiency, compact and lightweight, reliable and stable, and flexible control, making them suitable for various application fields that require high performance and precise motion. Figure 5- Working principle of ultrasonic actuator. (a) Standing wave type; (b) Traveling wave type
Figure 6- Rotating "traveling wave" ultrasonic motor
Figure 7- Application of Ultrasonic Motors in the Aerospace Field (a) Ultrasonic Motors in the Robot Arm of the Mars Orbiter in the United States (b) Ultrasonic Motors Applied to the Helos Satellite Telescope in France
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